Until now, six different coronaviruses have been known in humans, the current coronavirus is now the seventh. They all cause - in different degrees of severity - diseases of the respiratory tract. In Germany, a number of coronaviruses have long been known to cause colds. On the whole, these are not serious diseases. However, in other countries there are or were two coronaviruses for which one must have more respect: SARS and MERS. The SARS virus was first observed in 2002 and has not been reported since 2003. It probably originally came into humans from bats via an intermediate host and then caused very serious respiratory diseases with a fairly high death rate. This virus was also very contagious and therefore spread worldwide within a few weeks. The other coronavirus for which also more respect is needed is the MERS coronavirus. MERS was first detected in patients on the Arabian Peninsula in 2012. It can be transmitted from person to person; the transmission from dromedaries to humans plays a major role. It also causes severe lung diseases, but is not quite as contagious as SARS.

The new corona virus that has now appeared for the first time in China is quite closely related to the SARS virus from 2003 and is therefore now called SARS-CoV 2.

Its sequence is very similar to the sequence of corona viruses found in certain occurring bats and pangolins in China. We therefore assume that SARS-CoV 2 originates from these bats and may have been transmitted to humans through detour via the pangolin.

The new corona virus can be transmitted from person to person by droplet transfer - similar to other viruses that cause respiratory diseases. So you do not have to be in very close contact with the infected person, but you do have to be fairly close. It is also believed that the virus can be transmitted by contact through hands, followed by contact with the nose, mouth or eyes through contaminated hands. There is increasing evidence that people who do not yet have symptoms can transmit the virus. This promotes the spread of the virus. Preliminary estimates suggest that on average, each person who excretes the virus infects two to three other contact persons - giving the virus the potential to spread very rapidly.

The main transmission path is droplet infection. These are the invisible, but still inhalable droplets that fall to the ground after about 1.5 meters. This is why the distance rule is so important. However, also possible as a contact infection and this means direct contact - when giving hands or hugging, for example, but the risk of infection is lower than when inhaling the droplets. Inhalation is the quickest way for the virus to get where it wants to go.

Recently, the virus could be detected on plastic and stainless steel surfaces even after more than a week - not viable, but at least capable of reproduction. However, this only applies under certain conditions: darkness and humidity. Of course it is possible to become infected via these indirect contacts - but the risk is comparatively very low. Washing hands and wiping surfaces is enough because the virus is extremely easy to denature or inactivate, and therefore quickly loses its biological functions.

In recent weeks, the number of cases of illness and death reported due to the new coronavirus has risen rapidly and the reports have come from different regions: While most cases were initially reported from China, followed by Japan and Korea, major outbreaks have also been recorded in Northern Italy, Iran and Great Britain. Given the rapid spread of the virus, Europe was initially the "focus" of the outbreak. Then the numbers rose rapidly in the United States. The pace of infection is particularly worrying in Brazil. The most populous Latin American country is in third place worldwide in terms of infection numbers. And: A huge number of unreported cases is suspected because there are relatively few tests for Corona there. In Germany, Spain, Switzerland and France, the number of cases initially rose very quickly. According to the Robert Koch Institute, we currently have around 195.700 confirmed infections and around 9.000 deaths in Germany (as of July 03, 2020). SARS-CoV2 has spread all over the world and the WHO (World Health Organization) has classified this rapid spread as a pandemic.

Of the now about 10,7 million people infected with SARS-CoV2 (see figures from the WHO) whose infection has been confirmed by diagnostic tests, about 516.000 people affected have died so far. However, the total number of all infected persons is probably underestimated at present, as not all infected persons are examined and tested in the laboratory. Therefore, the actual death rate is probably lower. For reasons that are not entirely clear, this death rate also varies greatly in different countries. It can be assumed that different types of data collection, perhaps also a different age distribution of infected persons in different countries, play a role here.

If we do not succeed in slowing down the rapid spread of the virus in the countries that are now most affected, up to about two thirds of the population could be infected. That it does not have to be this way has been demonstrated by the successful containment of the virus spread in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, where the number of new infections has recently fallen dramatically. The measures decreed by governments in various European countries in recent days are aimed at reducing and delaying the peak of the spread, so that the health systems of the affected countries have a chance of coping with the many expected serious illnesses.

The measures recently enacted in many countries to limit human contact are based on computational models that attempt to predict the course of the epidemic in a country. These very plausible models say that if we do nothing now and simply "let the outbreak run", we would have to reckon with more than half a million deaths for a population like that of Germany. The drama of this scenario is compounded by the fact that the majority of these deaths would occur within a relatively narrow period of a few months. One can imagine that our health system would be completely overwhelmed by this. The current situation in Italy shows that this is not entirely unrealistic. This drama is essentially due to three factors:

1. The new corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, is hitting a population that has not yet acquired immunity to this virus - it can therefore spread unhindered. This is different with the influenza virus, since - at least in the case of the seasonal influenza that comes every winter - many people have at least partial immunity.
2. The new coronavirus is highly contagious: without contact reduction measures, an infected person will probably infect an average of 2 to 3 contact persons; at the beginning of the pandemic in Wuhan, this figure was even higher. This figure is significantly higher than for seasonal influenza, which recurs every winter. With such numbers, one can imagine how quickly an outbreak explodes: One infected person becomes three, then nine, then twenty-seven, and so on.
3.  An infected person can pass on the virus to others 1 or 2 days before the symptoms appear, i.e. at a time when one does not yet know that one is infected. This makes it difficult to control the epidemic: if only people with symptoms are isolated, there are still those without symptoms who can pass on the virus.

In Germany, the number of laboratory-confirmed infections initially rose rapidly in February and March. As a result, events and gatherings of people were banned, schools, kindergartens and shops were closed, and travel between countries was restricted. Some countries have banned entry from Germany, or those entering from Germany must first remain in quarantine in these countries for two weeks. Due to the positive trend in the number of cases, the Federal Government has decided to relax the restrictions slightly after Easter. For example, this allowed smaller shops to reopen. In addition, the individual federal states have regulated the gradual opening of schools. As a result, further easing occurred in May. Lower Saxony, for example, gradually opened restaurants, cafes, daycare centers and all shops again. One of the decisive factors here is the reduced so-called reproduction number. This is how many people an infected person infects. In Germany, this number of reproductions is currently 2 to 3 - for a long time it was below 1. But due to local outbreaks, this strong increase has now occurred.

The overall risk to the health of the population in Germany is still rated as high by the RKI, and very high for people with risk factors.

Although it is not necessary to wear a face mask in public, the Federal Government has recently recommended it for public transport in particular. As a result, the federal states have made it a duty - at least for public transport and supermarkets. However, according to MHH infectiologist Prof. Dr. Matthias Stoll, such a mouth and nose protector, if worn by infected persons, can reduce the spread of the infection from this person to other people. For a healthy person it is not sufficient protection against infection. Therefore: keeping a distance is still the top priority. Shaking hands and hugging should be avoided at all costs. It is also important to behave correctly when sneezing or coughing (sneezing/coughing in the crook of your arm, turning away from people standing nearby) and to wash your hands with soap regularly and extensively. As stated in the answer to the previous question, it is imperative that we try to stop the further spread of the virus quickly; otherwise our health care system will reach its limits.

Risk factors are an age of 65 upwards with underlying conditions of the respiratory tract and the cardiovascular system, diabetes, overweight and high blood pressure. People of middle age can also become seriously ill, although this is rarer. Young people become ill only slightly in most of the cases; unfortunately, there are exceptions in which young people also have died.

No. The "real" flu (influenza) is caused by the influenza virus, which is a completely different virus than the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that is now circulating. Therefore, flu vaccination does not protect against infection with SARS-CoV-2. Pneumococci that can cause pneumonia are bacteria, i.e. something completely different from viruses, and the pneumococcal vaccine therefore does not protect against the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 either.   

At the moment we are facing a virus that is currently untreatable. Also this time there will be considerations on possible vaccination strategies, but this will only help those who are not yet infected. That means, the treatment is limited to alleviating symptoms, i.e. to dampen strong febrile reactions with antipyretic drugs, to support the patient’s circulation and if breathing is difficult , oxygen is given.

In severe cases, patients are connected to a ventilator, which means that they are admitted to the intensive care unit in hospital. There they often have to be treated for a very long time, i.e. three to four weeks.

None of the drugs currently under public discussion, such as those for malaria, HIV or Ebola, are used by the MHH. These are all potentially effective, but the problem is that there are no reliable data on the effects and side effects of all these drugs in Covid-19 patients.

The big challenge for doctors and nurses is that this disease is different from those known to date. The course of the disease is extremely difficult to predict and is often wavelike - i.e. the patient is doing well and then suddenly the condition worsens again for a variety of reasons.

Thanks to modern techniques, our knowledge of the new corona virus, SARS-CoV-2, is growing rapidly. Shortly after its discovery in December 2019, the structure of its genome, i.e. the part of the virus that contains its genetic information, was decoded. On this basis, it was then possible to quickly develop diagnostic tests that search for fragments of this virus genome. These are used today to identify sick patients or contact persons of infected persons. These tests, if carried out correctly, are very specific, i.e. if they give a positive result, the person concerned is infected, with or without clinical symptoms. However, these tests do not detect all infected persons: If someone excretes very little virus, the test may not react positively. If someone has survived the disease and no virus is excreted, the test cannot detect any virus and is therefore negative. Another type of test will be available in the coming weeks: These do not detect the virus itself, but rather antibodies to the virus and can therefore indicate whether someone has survived the disease or infection.

We differentiate between diagnostic tests and tests that tell us whether you have survived the disease. The classical diagnostic test is the one based on what is known as PCR (polymerase chain reaction), in which we can detect whether the virus is present in the nasal swab or in the deep respiratory tract swab. The peculiarity of COVID-19 disease is that after infection, one does not become symptomatic until the fourth or fifth day. The test itself usually does not become positive earlier than one day before the first symptoms appear. This means that one can be infected and the test is still negative for three to five days.

Any strategy of using individual tests to control the spread of infection is therefore not very promising.

The antibody test is there to see if you have lived through the disease. COVID-19 has a specialty here: the antibodies do not rise until very late after the disease has been overcome - and the weaker the disease, the slower and weaker the rise. Patients with mild and moderate disease therefore have considerably fewer antibodies than patients with severe disease.

We also have the problem that we still do not know whether the antibody tests are specific enough for the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is possible that other more harmless corona viruses, which we have known for many years and which appear every autumn and often cause a cold, will cross-react with these antibody tests. So a positive antibody test would not show that you have lived through COVID-19, but that you have lived through some corona-related disease.

Many university institutions - including the MHH - are working to develop a more reliable antibody test. At the moment, however, the tests are purely an object of research. They are not suitable for statements such as "I was ill and can therefore move around unprotected".

 

We follow the recommendations of the Robert Koch Institute (RKI). We test patients who have had contact with someone who is certainly ill and those who are symptomatic (dry cough, fever, etc.). To examine asymptomatic people in serial tests does not make sense and is therefore not recommended by the RKI. See also the question "What are the testing methods for the coronavirus and how reliable are they?”

In the case of the related MERS virus, vaccines have been developed and are currently in clinical trials. We have learned a lot about how to develop effective vaccines against corona viruses, for example which vaccine vectors are suitable, which components of a corona virus have to be incorporated into such genetically modified vaccine vectors in order to obtain an effective vaccine. These findings will facilitate the development of a vaccine against the new human coronavirus. In any case, the production of a new vaccine and its clinical trial will take time (estimated one to two years). In addition, a number of existing drugs are currently being tested for their efficacy against SARS-CoV 2 and efforts are underway to develop neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for the therapy of COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV 2. However, clinical trials will also take approximately one more year.